1. A 5-year-old child presents with acute flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities. Which of the following viruses is the most likely causative agent? A. Influenza virus B. Poliovirus C. Rotavirus D. Varicella-zoster virus 2. A 3-year-old child has not received any vaccinations. Which of the following vaccines is recommended to prevent polio? A. Measles-mumps-rubella… Read More »
1. What is the primary mode of transmission for hepatitis C? a) Fecal-oral b) Parenteral (Blood) c) Sexual d) Respiratory Answer: b) Parenteral (Blood) 2. Which of the following viruses is responsible for causing hepatitis C? a) HAV b) HBV c) HCV d) HDV Answer: c) HCV 3. What is the primary antigen found on… Read More »
1. Which of the following is an essential component of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)? a) Monoclonal antibody b) Cytotoxic drug c) Linker d) All of the above 2. The mechanism of action of ADCs primarily relies on: a) Targeting specific antigens on cancer cells b) Non-specific cytotoxicity c) Inhibiting cell division d) Inducing apoptosis in… Read More »
1. A 45-year-old patient presents with sudden onset of bilateral leg weakness and loss of sensation below the umbilicus after a motor vehicle accident. This is most suggestive of: A. Cervical spinal cord injury B. Thoracic spinal cord injury C. Lumbar spinal cord injury D. Cauda equina syndrome 2. A 60-year-old patient with a history… Read More »
1. A newborn baby presents with a soft, compressible swelling on the side of the head. This is most likely due to: A. Cephalohematoma B. Caput succedaneum C. Parietal osteomyelitis D. Parietal bone fracture 2. A 35-year-old patient sustains a head injury after a fall. Imaging reveals a linear fracture of the parietal bone. Which… Read More »
1. A newborn baby presents with a soft, compressible swelling on the back of the head. This is most likely due to: A. Cephalohematoma B. Caput succedaneum C. Occipital osteomyelitis D. Occipital bone fracture 2. A 45-year-old patient complains of severe headaches and neck pain after a motor vehicle accident. Imaging reveals a fracture of… Read More »
1. A 25-year-old man presents with a closed fracture of the tibial shaft after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following would be the most appropriate initial management? A. Splinting and elevation B. Open reduction and internal fixation C. Casting D. Traction 2. A 40-year-old woman complains of severe pain and swelling in her… Read More »
1. The clavicle is classified as a: A) Short bone B) Flat bone C) Long bone D) Irregular bone 2. The clavicle articulates with which of the following bones? A) Scapula and sternum B) Humerus and scapula C) Sternum and ribs D) Scapula and vertebrae 3. Which muscle attaches to the lateral third of the… Read More »
1. Which of the following microorganisms causes cholera? a) Vibrio cholerae b) Salmonella typhi c) Shigella dysenteriae d) Escherichia coli 2. What is the primary mode of transmission for cholera? a) Airborne b) Direct contact c) Ingestion of contaminated food or water d) Vector-borne 3. Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation… Read More »
1. Which of the following statements about dengue fever is true? a) It is caused by a bacteria b) It is caused by a virus c) It is a non-communicable disease d) It is a childhood disease 2. Which mosquito species is the primary vector for transmitting the dengue virus? a) Anopheles mosquito b) Culex… Read More »
1. Which of the following is considered a first-line immunotherapy treatment for several cancer types? a. Chemotherapy b. Radiation therapy c. Checkpoint inhibitors d. Stem cell transplant 2. Which of the following targets cytotoxic T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells? a. Monoclonal antibodies b. Cancer vaccines c. Oncolytic viruses d. Interleukins 3. PD-1… Read More »
1. Which guideline establishes standards for clinical laboratory testing of human subjects? A) CLIA B) CLSI C) GCP D) GLP 2. What process ensures traceability of samples and test results according to GCLP? A) Unique labelling B) Blinded analysis C) Equipement calibration D) Specimen inventory logs 3. Which document defines standard operating procedures for a… Read More »
1. According to GCP, source documents should be: A) Stored securely for required retention period B) Amended using a single line-through method C) Original documents completed during trial D) All of the above 2. Corrections to source documents should include which elements according to GCP? A) Initials and date of person making correction B) Explanation… Read More »
1. Which document contains a standardized set of rules for conducting clinical trials? A) Declaration of Helsinki B) Belmont Report C) Good Clinical Practice guidelines D) Standard operating procedures 2. Which organization establishes regulations and guidance for Good Clinical Practices? A) ICH B) FDA C) WHO D) EMA 3. In Good Clinical Practice guidelines, what… Read More »
1. What type of clinical trial compares a new treatment to an existing standard treatment? A) Open label trial B) Single blind trial C) Double blind trial D) Randomized controlled trial 2. Which phrase best describes the purpose of a placebo in a clinical trial? A) To test for side effects of a treatment B)… Read More »
1. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for suicide? A. Access to firearms B. Social isolation C. Female gender D. Good mental health 2. Which statement about suicide prevention is TRUE? A. Openly asking someone if they are considering suicide may encourage them B. Most suicidal individuals do not truly want to… Read More »
1. Which symptom is not considered to be a core symptom of schizophrenia? A. Delusions B. Disorganized speech C. Depression D. Hallucinations 2. Which is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A. Auditory hallucinations B. Poverty of speech C. Paranoid delusions D. Disorganized behavior 3. Which neurotransmitter is most strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia?… Read More »
1. Trisomy 21 is also known as: A. Down syndrome B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. Turner syndrome 2. Cleft lip occurs due to failed fusion of which embryonic structures? A. Palate B. Brain hemispheres C. Limb buds D. Neural tube 3. Spina bifida involves defective closure of the: A. Palate B. Chest… Read More »
1. Birds hatch from eggs laid by female, which process of development is this an example of? A) Oviparity B) Viviparity C) Ovoviviparity D) Parthenogenesis 2. Cows and humans show which type of embryonic development? A) Oviparity B) Viviparity C) Ovoviviparity D) Parthenogenesis 3. Reptiles exhibit primarily which mode of reproduction? A) Oviparity B) Viviparity… Read More »
1. Which process involves invagination and involution leading to formation of organ rudiments? A. Neurulation B. Gastrulation C. Organogenesis D. Histogenesis 2. Which organ develops from endodermal lung bud outgrowth? A. Heart B. Liver C. Lung D. Pancreas 3. Which organ develops from gut regionalization? A. Liver B. Lung C. Pancreas D. All of the… Read More »