Elderberry (Black Elderberry)

Sambucus nigra L.

Family: Zingiberaceae Part Used: Rhizome Evidence: Systematic Review

πŸ“ Common Names (6 Languages)

EnglishElderberry (Black Elderberry)
Hindiΰ€ΰ€²ΰ₯ΰ€‘ΰ€°ΰ€¬ΰ₯‡ΰ€°ΰ₯€ (Elderberry)
UrduΨ§ΫŒΩ„ΪˆΨ± بیری (Elderberry)
ArabicΨ§Ω„Ψ¨ΩŠΩ„Ψ³Ψ§Ω† (Al-Bilsan)
FrenchSureau noir
SpanishSaΓΊco negro

βœ… Evidence-Based Benefits

Effective for cold and flu symptom reduction. Meta-analysis of 4 RCTs shows elderberry significantly reduces cold/flu duration by 2-4 days and symptom severity (PMID: 30670267). RCT demonstrates air travelers taking elderberry had 50% fewer cold days and reduced symptom severity (PMID: 27023596). Antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses. Rich in anthocyanins with antioxidant properties.

πŸ“š Key Citations:

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πŸ”¬ Clinical Trials & Evidence

βš•οΈ Evidence-Based Research: Clinical trials provide the highest level of evidence for herbal efficacy and safety. The trials listed below represent peer-reviewed research registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Each trial includes detailed protocols, patient populations, interventions tested, and measurable outcomes. Click links to access full trial details and published results.

Meta-analysis: 2-4 day reduction in cold/flu duration

RCT: 50% fewer cold days in travelers

πŸ” Find More Clinical Trials

Search for additional ongoing and completed trials investigating this herb's therapeutic effects:

πŸ“‘ Search ClinicalTrials.gov πŸ“š Search PubMed Clinical Trials

πŸ’‘ Research Tip: Use both common name and scientific name when searching for comprehensive results. Filter by "Completed" trials to find published outcomes.

πŸ’Š Drug Interactions

⚠️ CRITICAL SAFETY INFORMATION

Herb-drug interactions can be serious and potentially life-threatening. Always inform your healthcare provider about all herbs, supplements, and medications you are taking. The interactions listed below are supported by clinical evidence and case reports. Citations link to peer-reviewed research on PubMed.

πŸ“š Evidence-Based Interactions: Each interaction below includes research citations (PMID links) documenting the mechanism, clinical significance, and management recommendations. Click citations to access full studies.

Immunosuppressants

Effect: May reduce immunosuppressant effectiveness

Mechanism: Immune-stimulating properties

Action: Consult healthcare provider if on immunotherapy

Diuretics

Effect: Elderberry has mild diuretic properties

Action: Monitor fluid balance. May have additive diuretic effects

Antidiabetic Medications

Effect: May lower blood glucose

Action: Monitor blood sugar. Syrup contains sugar - account for carbohydrates

Antiviral Medications (Oseltamivir)

Effect: Similar mechanism of action

Action: May be complementary but inform healthcare provider

πŸ“– Key Interaction Databases & Resources

πŸ’‘ Clinical Tip: Show your healthcare provider this page and the linked research citations when discussing potential interactions.

⚠️ Safety Information

Adverse Events

Very safe when using ripe, cooked berries or commercial extracts. RAW/UNRIPE berries contain cyanogenic glycosides - TOXIC (causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Commercial preparations are safe. Rare allergic reactions. Gastrointestinal upset if excessive intake. No serious adverse events with proper preparations.

β›” Contraindications

NEVER consume raw or unripe berries (toxic). Caution in autoimmune diseases (theoretical immune stimulation). May interact with immunosuppressants, diuretics, laxatives (mild effects). Pregnancy/breastfeeding - commercial preparations likely safe but consult healthcare provider.

🧬 Mechanism of Action

Anthocyanins and flavonoids provide antiviral effects by inhibiting viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin (similar to oseltamivir mechanism). Immune-stimulating via cytokine production. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Reduces mucus secretion and has mild diaphoretic (sweat-inducing) effects.

πŸ’Š Dosage & Administration

For cold/flu: 15ml (1 tablespoon) elderberry syrup 4 times daily at first sign of symptoms. Continue 5 days. Standardized extract: 175mg 4 times daily. Prevention during flu season: 15ml syrup or 175mg extract 2 times daily. Use within 48 hours of symptom onset for best results. Children: reduce dose by half.

βš•οΈ Note: Consult healthcare provider for appropriate dosing, especially if taking medications.

πŸ“– Additional Resources

🌐 WHO Monograph

Available in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants

πŸ”¬ PubMed Search

Latest Research β†’

πŸ§ͺ ClinicalTrials.gov

Active Trials β†’ β†’

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Data Retrieval Date: November 29, 2025

Compiled by: Sheraz Ahmed

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Citation: Ahmed, S. (2025). Medicinal Herbs Database. Clinical Corner. https://welovelmc.com/medical-tools.htm

βš•οΈ Medical Disclaimer

FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY: This information is provided for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

⚠️ Important Warnings:

πŸ”¬ Evidence Limitations: While this database includes peer-reviewed research and clinical trial data, individual results may vary. Drug interactions and contraindications are based on current research and may change as new evidence emerges.

βš–οΈ Liability: The author, compiler (Sheraz Ahmed), and publisher disclaim any liability arising from the use or misuse of information contained in this database. This is not medical advice.