Which of the following virus families does Congovirus belong to? A) Filoviridae B) Flaviviridae C) Coronaviridae D) Rhabdoviridae E) Paramyxoviridae The Congovirus outbreak in 2018-2020 primarily affected which country? A) Nigeria B) Democratic Republic of Congo C) Uganda D) Sudan E) Kenya Which of the following is the primary mode of transmission for Congovirus? A)… Read More »
Which of the following bacteria is most commonly associated with dental caries? A) Streptococcus mutans B) Porphyromonas gingivalis C) Actinomyces viscosus D) Fusobacterium nucleatum E) Treponema denticola A patient presents with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). Which of the following microorganisms is most likely to be involved? A) Streptococcus sanguis B) Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans C) Prevotella… Read More »
A 45-year-old male presents with severe right flank pain. Imaging reveals a 7mm renal stone. What is the most appropriate initial management? A. Observation B. Ureteroscopy C. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy D. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) E. Open surgery Which of the following is a contraindication to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)? A. Pregnancy B. Hypertension… Read More »
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The term genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, encompassing all the hereditary information encoded in its DNA. Understanding genotypes is crucial in various fields of biology and medicine as it helps in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of diseases, predicting responses to treatments, and developing personalized medicine. This comprehensive guide explores the concept… Read More »
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Fetal ultrasound, also known as prenatal ultrasound, is a crucial diagnostic tool used during pregnancy to assess the development and health of a fetus. This non-invasive imaging technique employs high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the fetus within the womb. Fetal ultrasound is pivotal in monitoring fetal growth, detecting abnormalities, and providing valuable information… Read More »
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Introduction Pathogenesis, derived from the Greek words “pathos” (disease) and “genesis” (origin), refers to the biological mechanisms that lead to the development of a diseased state. It encompasses the entire process from the initial cause of a disease to its manifestation and progression within an organism. Understanding pathogenesis is crucial in modern medicine, as it… Read More »
Preventing Neural Tube Defects One of the most well-known benefits of folic acid during pregnancy is its role in preventing neural tube defects (NTDs). NTDs are serious birth defects of the brain and spine, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), taking folic acid before conception… Read More »
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1. A 2-year-old boy weighing 12 kg is prescribed amoxicillin for acute otitis media. The recommended dosage is 80-90 mg/kg/day divided into two doses. What is the appropriate dose per administration? A) 240 mg B) 480 mg C) 540 mg D) 720 mg E) 1080 mg 2. A 6-month-old infant weighing 7 kg needs acetaminophen… Read More »
What is the first step in Basic Life Support? a) Call for help b) Check for responsiveness c) Start chest compressions d) Give rescue breaths What is the recommended rate for chest compressions during CPR? a) 60-80 per minute b) 80-100 per minute c) 100-120 per minute d) 120-140 per minute How deep should chest… Read More »
What does the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) measure in gestational ultrasound? A) Blood flow between the brain and the heart B) Ratio of blood flow between the fetal middle cerebral artery and the umbilical artery C) Blood flow from the placenta to the fetus D) Blood flow between the fetal lungs and liver What is the… Read More »