1. Which of the following utilizes properties of adult stem cells?
A) Gene therapy B) Tissue engineering C) Regenerative medicine
2. Platelet-rich plasma injections are used to aid healing of what types of tissues?
A) Bones B) Nerves C) Skin D) Tendons
3. The goal of tissue engineering is to:
A) Repair tissues B) Develop tissues and organs C) Study development
D) All of the above
4. What are mesenchymal stem cells often collected from?
A) Embryos B) Adipose tissue C) Bone marrow D) Skin
5. The acronym STEM stands for:
A) Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
B) Stem cells, tissues, engineering, and medicine
C) Systems, tissues, engineering, modulating
D) None of the above
6. Platelet-rich plasma is obtained by:
A) Centrifuging blood samples B) Culturing fibroblasts
C) Utilizing 3D bioprinting D) Growing cells on scaffolds
7. Tissue engineering often employs the use of what types of scaffolds?
A) Natural polymers B) Ceramics C) Metals D) All of the above
8. What new method allows for layer-by-layer assembly of living cells and biomaterials?
A) 3D bioprinting B) Scaffold seeding C) Microencapsulation D) Decellularization
9. What term refers to processing cadaveric organs/tissues to remove cellular components?
A) Recellularization B) Scaffolding C) Organ decellularization D) Implantation
10. An important goal in developing tissue engineered constructs is to:
A) Establish vascular networks B) Remove cellular antigens
C) Seed with autologous cells D) Promote host immune acceptance
11. Which cells have the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types?
A) Pluripotent stem cells B) Embryonic stem cells C) Multipotent stem cells
D) Induced pluripotent stem cells
12. The acronym used for cultured cartilage constructs is:
A) CC B) CL C) 3D D) TEM
13. What term refers to harvesting, culturing then injecting one’s own bone marrow-derived stem cells?
A) Autologous conditioning B) Tissue engineering C) Stem cell therapy D) Self-donation
14. Which regenerative procedure uses platelet-rich fibrin matrices?
A) PRP therapy B) Guided bone regeneration C) Emdogain therapy D) Pinhole surgical technique
15. What process degrades ECM to yield individual structural and functional proteins?
A) Recellularization B) Decellularization C) 3D bioprinting D) Nanofiber fabrication
16. Hair follicle stem cells can differentiate to regenerate what tissue?
A) Skin B) Bone C) Adipose D) Cartilage
17. The pinhole surgical technique aims to regenerate what periodontal structure?
A) Gingiva B) Bone C) Cementum D) Ligament
18. Examples of natural polymers used in tissue engineering include:
A) Collagen, elastin, fibrin B) Silicon, titanium, stainless steel
C) Hyaluronic acid, alginate, chitosan D) Both A and C
19. IPSCs are generated by:
A) Fusing somatic cells with ESCs B) Reprogramming somatic cells
C) Isolating from embryos D) Cloning
20. Which is an example of a cermaic biomaterial?
A) Collagen B) Hydroxyapatite C) Chitosan D) Hyaluronic acid
21. What technology uses a “bioink” to print layers of cells and biomaterials?
A) 3D bioprinting B) Scaffold seeding C) Microencapsulation D) Recellularization
22. Regenerating intervertebral discs typically utilizes injection of:
A) MSCs B) PRP C) Collagen D) Hydrogels
23. Nanofiber technology can be used to:
A) Fabricate tissue scaffolds B) Culture cells in 3D
C) Promote angiogenesis D) All of the above
24. Decellularized tissues recruit host cells via:
A) Cell surface proteins B) Growth factors
C) Chemokines D) All of the above
25. Rebuilding extensive burns often uses sheets of:
A) Amniotic membrane B) Acellular dermis
C) Collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymer D) Platelet gel
26. Emdogain serves as a matrix for:
A) Periodontal regeneration B) Skin grafting
C) Bone grafting D) Nerve repair
27. Which cells are used in bladder tissue engineering?
A) Autologous muscle cells B) Keratinocytes
C) Fibroblasts D) Chondrocytes
28. Cartilage defects are commonly treated with:
A) Chondrocyte implantation B) MSCs
C) Osteochondral autograft D) Microfracture
29. Artificial skin substitutes contain layers resembling:
A) Epidermis and dermal matrices B) Bone and cartilage
C) Muscle and nerve C) Liver and kidney
30. Growth factors used in healing include:
A) IGF-1, TGF-beta, VEGF B) Collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid
C) Insulin, thyroxine, cortisol D) Alpha, beta, gamma interferons
31. What stem cells hold promise for heart repair/regeneration?
A) HSCs B) MSCs C) ESCs/iPSCs D) Neuroblasts
32. What cells are a promising strategy for regenerating myocardium?
A) Cardiac progenitor cells B) Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs/iPSCs
C) Fibroblasts reprogrammed to cardiomyocytes D) Endothelial cells
33. Reconstructing an esophagus often utilizes:
A) Tissue engineered grafts B) Small intestinal submucosa
C) Dermis sheets D) Acellular muscle
34. Surgical replacement of degraded joints typically utilizes:
A) Osteochondral allografts B) Metal implants
C) Hydrogels D) Joint distraction
35. Tissue engineering strategies are being evaluated for healing:
A) Liver and kidney B) Pancreas
C) Lungs D) All of the above
36. Regenerative options for spinal cord injuries include:
A) MSC transplantations B) Tissue engineered grafts
C) Neural stem cell therapies D) Pharmacological agents
37. Which emerging method uses light to guide neural regeneration?
A) Optogenetics B) Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation D) Deep brain stimulation
38. Examples of natural polymers used in nerve regeneration include:
A) Collagen, chitosan, fibrin B) Gelatin, elastin, keratin
C) Hyaluronic acid, alginate, polyethylene glycol D) All are examples
39. Which innovation shows promise for growing replacement blood vessels?
A) Tissue decellularization B) 3D bioprinting
C) Vascular tissue engineering D) Stem cell encapsulation
40. Regenerating joints often employ injection of:
A) MSCs B) Growth factors
C) Hyaluronic acid D) PRP
41. For which cells can direct reprogramming generate cardiomyocytes?
A) Fibroblasts B) Endothelial cells C) Hepatocytes D) Neural stem cells
42. Tissue engineered esophagi have been built with:
A) Collagen constructs seeded with autologous cells
B) PGA scaffolds and keratinocytes
C) Small intestinal submucosa
D) Composite grafts with bone and muscle
43. Rebuilding extensive ear defects commonly uses:
A) Cartilage constructs B) Skin substitutes
C) Prevascularised grafts D) Decellularized matrices
44. Endogenous repair of cardiac tissue is promoted by:
A) Cardiomyocytes derived from iPSCs
B) Gene therapies releasing growth factors
C) MSC engraftment and immunomodulation
D) Cardiac patches delivering genes/proteins
45. Regeneration of distal digital tips often employs:
A) Skin grafts B) Toe transfers from other digits
C) Composite nail-bone-soft tissue allotransplantation
D) Decellularized ECM templates seeded with stem cells
46. Providing cells and scaffolds are not sufficient for successful tissue engineering. What additional component is required?
A) Growth factors B) Cell signaling molecules
C) Mechanical stimulation D) All of the above
47. One strategy for corneal repair utilizes:
A) Amniotic membrane transplantation B) Limbal stem cell therapy
C) PRP injections D) Tissue engineered corneal substitutes