1. A 25-year-old woman presents with excessive thirst and frequent urination. Blood tests reveal hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Which hormone deficiency is responsible for these symptoms?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Cortisol
D) Growth hormone
2. A 40-year-old male with a history of hypertension is prescribed a diuretic. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of diuretics?
A) Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
B) Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
D) Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors
3. A 60-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is found to have an increased erythrocyte count and hematocrit. Which of the following is the underlying mechanism for this finding?
A) Decreased erythropoietin production
B) Hypoxia-induced erythropoiesis
C) Reduced plasma volume
D) Impaired iron absorption
4. A 30-year-old male presents with muscle weakness and elevated serum calcium levels. Lab results show decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Hyperparathyroidism
B) Hypoparathyroidism
C) Cushing’s syndrome
D) Hyperthyroidism
5. A 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus is experiencing erectile dysfunction. Which autonomic nervous system response is responsible for this symptom?
A) Sympathetic stimulation
B) Parasympathetic stimulation
C) Somatic motor response
D) Voluntary control
6. A 20-year-old female presents with a severe allergic reaction after eating peanuts. Which immunoglobulin is responsible for mediating this type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A) IgA
B) IgE
C) IgG
D) IgM
7. A 35-year-old female experiences increased heart rate and sweating during a job interview. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for this “fight-or-flight” response?
A) Sympathetic
B) Parasympathetic
C) Enteric
D) Somatic
8. A 65-year-old male presents with difficulty initiating micturition and a weak urinary stream. Which part of the male reproductive system is most likely affected?
A) Testes
B) Epididymis
C) Prostate gland
D) Seminal vesicles
9. A 50-year-old male with chronic alcoholism presents with unsteady gait and decreased vibratory sensation in the lower limbs. Which of the following vitamin deficiencies is the most likely cause of these neurological symptoms?
A) Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
B) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
C) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
D) Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
10. A 28-year-old female is found to have an increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and dry mouth. Which of the following neurotransmitters is responsible for these sympathetic nervous system responses?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
11. A 45-year-old male with a history of asthma is prescribed a medication that functions as a beta-2 adrenergic agonist. What is the primary effect of this medication on the airways?
A) Bronchoconstriction
B) Mucus production
C) Bronchodilation
D) Vasoconstriction
12. A 22-year-old female presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Laboratory tests show hyperglycemia and glucosuria. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the downregulation of glucose transporters in the kidney?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Cortisol
D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
13. A 60-year-old male with congestive heart failure presents with edema and elevated jugular venous pressure. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the formation of edema in this patient?
A) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Increased plasma oncotic pressure
C) Decreased capillary permeability
D) Increased lymphatic drainage
14. A 30-year-old male presents with muscle weakness and increased serum potassium levels. Which of the following hormones is responsible for potassium secretion in the distal tubules of the kidney?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
15. A 65-year-old male is prescribed a medication that functions as a calcium channel blocker. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication on the cardiovascular system?
A) Inhibition of calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cells
B) Inhibition of calcium entry into cardiac myocytes
C) Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
D) Activation of beta-adrenergic receptors
16. A 45-year-old female with hypertension is prescribed a medication that blocks the angiotensin II receptor. Which of the following effects is expected to occur as a result of this medication?
A) Increased vasoconstriction
B) Decreased aldosterone secretion
C) Increased sodium and water retention
D) Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
17. A 55-year-old male presents with hematuria and abdominal pain. Imaging studies reveal the presence of kidney stones. Which of the following types of kidney stones is most likely composed of calcium oxalate?
A) Uric acid stones
B) Struvite stones
C) Cystine stones
D) Calcium oxalate stones
18. A 30-year-old female presents with excessive hair growth and irregular menstrual periods. Laboratory tests show elevated testosterone levels. Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating testosterone production in the ovaries?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone
19. A 22-year-old male presents with episodes of sudden-onset tachycardia, palpitations, and anxiety. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows irregular rhythm with no identifiable P waves. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Atrial fibrillation
B) Ventricular tachycardia
C) Supraventricular tachycardia
D
) Atrial flutter
20. A 45-year-old female with a history of chronic kidney disease presents with metabolic acidosis. Which of the following compensatory mechanisms is responsible for normalizing blood pH in this patient?
A) Increased respiratory rate
B) Decreased respiratory rate
C) Increased renal excretion of bicarbonate
D) Decreased renal excretion of bicarbonate
21. A 35-year-old male presents with muscle twitching and tremors. Laboratory tests show decreased serum calcium levels. Which of the following hormones is responsible for increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and promoting bone resorption?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
22. A 50-year-old female presents with periorbital edema, fatigue, and weight gain. Laboratory tests show decreased serum levels of thyroid hormones. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A) Primary hypothyroidism
B) Secondary hypothyroidism
C) Hyperthyroidism
D) Thyroiditis
23. A 28-year-old male with a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with confusion and altered mental status. Laboratory tests show hyperglycemia and ketonuria. Which of the following hormones is responsible for promoting the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
24. A 65-year-old female with a history of osteoporosis is prescribed a medication that inhibits osteoclast activity. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
A) Stimulation of osteoblast activity
B) Inhibition of bone resorption
C) Promotion of calcium absorption in the gut
D) Inhibition of vitamin D synthesis
25. A 30-year-old female presents with fatigue and generalized muscle weakness. Laboratory tests show elevated serum calcium levels and decreased serum phosphate levels. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Hyperparathyroidism
B) Hypoparathyroidism
C) Hypothyroidism
D) Hyperthyroidism
26. A 40-year-old male presents with a headache, blurred vision, and palpitations. Laboratory tests show hypertension and an increased serum aldosterone-to-renin ratio. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Cushing’s syndrome
B) Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
C) Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
D) Secondary hyperaldosteronism
27. A 25-year-old male presents with anemia, fatigue, and pallor. Laboratory tests show decreased hemoglobin levels and a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) within the normal range. What type of anemia does this patient most likely have?
A) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Megaloblastic anemia
C) Hemolytic anemia
D) Aplastic anemia
28. A 55-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion over the left lung. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these physical findings?
A) Pneumonia
B) Atelectasis
C) Pleural effusion
D) Pneumothorax
29. A 30-year-old female with a history of Graves’ disease presents with palpitations, weight loss, and heat intolerance. Laboratory tests show elevated serum levels of thyroid hormones. What is the underlying cause of Graves’ disease?
A) Autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicles
B) Excess iodine intake
C) Tumor of the thyroid gland
D) Production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins
30. A 40-year-old male with cirrhosis presents with abdominal distension and pedal edema. Laboratory tests show hypoalbuminemia and increased serum bilirubin levels. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the formation of ascites in this patient?
A) Increased capillary oncotic pressure
B) Increased plasma volume
C) Increased lymphatic drainage
D) Decreased hepatic albumin synthesis
31. A 60-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing and regurgitation of undigested food. Imaging studies reveal a lower esophageal sphincter that fails to relax during swallowing. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
B) Hiatal hernia
C) Esophageal cancer
D) Achalasia
32. A 50-year-old female presents with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory tests show increased serum amylase and lipase levels. Imaging studies reveal the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Cholecystitis
B) Gallstone pancreatitis
C) Cholangitis
D) Choledocholithiasis
33. A 65-year-old male with a history of alcohol abuse presents with hematemesis and ascites. Laboratory tests show decreased platelet count and increased prothrombin time. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Cirrhosis
B) Peptic ulcer disease
C) Acute pancreatitis
D) Gastroesophageal varices
34. A 45-year-old male presents with chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Colonoscopy reveals inflammation and ulcerations in the colon. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Crohn’s disease
B) Ulcerative colitis
C) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
D) Celiac disease
35. A 40-year-old female with a history of asthma presents with wheezing and dyspnea. Pulmonary function tests show decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and decreased FEV1/FVC ratio. Which of the following is the most appropriate medication to relieve acute bronchoconstriction in this patient?
A) Inhaled corticosteroids
B) Long-acting beta-agonists
C) Short-acting beta-agonists
D) Anticholinergic agents
36. A 28-year-old male presents with painful red skin lesions on his shins and joints. Laboratory tests show an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and anemia. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Psoriasis
B) Rheumatoid arthritis
C) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
D) Gout
37. A 22-year-old female presents with fatigue, weakness, and pallor. Laboratory tests show decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Peripheral blood smear shows microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these findings?
A
) Iron-deficiency anemia
B) Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
C) Hemolytic anemia
D) Aplastic anemia
38. A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension is prescribed a medication that blocks angiotensin II receptors. Which of the following effects is expected to occur as a result of this medication?
A) Vasodilation
B) Increased aldosterone secretion
C) Increased sodium and water retention
D) Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
39. A 30-year-old female presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Laboratory tests show hyperglycemia and glucosuria. Which of the following hormones is responsible for promoting glucose uptake by cells?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Cortisol
D) Growth hormone
40. A 35-year-old male presents with muscle weakness and increased serum potassium levels. Which of the following hormones is responsible for potassium secretion in the distal tubules of the kidney?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
41. A 65-year-old female with a history of osteoporosis is prescribed a medication that inhibits osteoclast activity. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
A) Stimulation of osteoblast activity
B) Inhibition of bone resorption
C) Promotion of calcium absorption in the gut
D) Inhibition of vitamin D synthesis
42. A 40-year-old female presents with excessive hair growth and irregular menstrual periods. Laboratory tests show elevated testosterone levels. Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating testosterone production in the ovaries?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone
43. A 22-year-old male presents with episodes of sudden-onset tachycardia, palpitations, and anxiety. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows irregular rhythm with no identifiable P waves. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Atrial fibrillation
B) Ventricular tachycardia
C) Supraventricular tachycardia
D) Atrial flutter
44. A 55-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion over the left lung. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these physical findings?
A) Pneumonia
B) Atelectasis
C) Pleural effusion
D) Pneumothorax
45. A 30-year-old female with a history of Graves’ disease presents with palpitations, weight loss, and heat intolerance. Laboratory tests show elevated serum levels of thyroid hormones. What is the underlying cause of Graves’ disease?
A) Autoimmune destruction of thyroid follicles
B) Excess iodine intake
C) Tumor of the thyroid gland
D) Production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins
46. A 40-year-old male with cirrhosis presents with abdominal distension and pedal edema. Laboratory tests show hypoalbuminemia and increased serum bilirubin levels. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the formation of ascites in this patient?
A) Increased capillary oncotic pressure
B) Increased plasma volume
C) Increased lymphatic drainage
D) Decreased hepatic albumin synthesis
47. A 60-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing and regurgitation of undigested food. Imaging studies reveal a lower esophageal sphincter that fails to relax during swallowing. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
B) Hiatal hernia
C) Esophageal cancer
D) Achalasia
48. A 50-year-old female presents with recurrent episodes of severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory tests show increased serum amylase and lipase levels. Imaging studies reveal the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Cholecystitis
B) Gallstone pancreatitis
C) Cholangitis
D) Choledocholithiasis
49. A 65-year-old male with a history of alcohol abuse presents with hematemesis and ascites. Laboratory tests show decreased platelet count and increased prothrombin time. Which of the following conditions is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Cirrhosis
B) Peptic ulcer disease
C) Acute pancreatitis
D) Gastroesophageal varices
50. A 45-year-old male presents with chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Colonoscopy reveals inflammation and ulcerations in the colon. Which of the following conditions
is most likely causing these symptoms?
A) Crohn’s disease
B) Ulcerative colitis
C) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
D) Celiac disease
1. Question: During exercise, which of the following physiological changes occurs to increase cardiac output?
A) Decreased heart rate
B) Increased stroke volume
C) Constriction of blood vessels
D) Reduced cardiac contractility
Answer: B) Increased stroke volume
2. Question: Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Thyroxine
Answer: C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
3. Question: Which part of the brain is responsible for maintaining body temperature and regulating hunger and thirst?
A) Cerebellum
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Hypothalamus
D) Cerebrum
Answer: C) Hypothalamus
4. Question: During the menstrual cycle, which hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of the uterine lining?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Progesterone
D) Estrogen
Answer: C) Progesterone
5. Question: What is the primary function of the hormone glucagon in the body?
A) Decreasing blood glucose levels
B) Facilitating glucose uptake by cells
C) Promoting glycogen synthesis in the liver
D) Raising blood glucose levels
Answer: D) Raising blood glucose levels
6. Question: Which part of the nephron is responsible for the filtration of blood to form urine?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Glomerulus
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting duct
Answer: B) Glomerulus
7. Question: Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands and helps the body cope with stress?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroxine
D) Glucagon
Answer: B) Cortisol
8. Question: During muscle contraction, which mineral is required for the myosin-actin cross-bridge formation?
A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium
Answer: B) Calcium
9. Question: What is the role of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in the body?
A) Regulation of blood glucose levels
B) Stimulation of red blood cell production
C) Control of blood pressure
D) Promotion of muscle growth
Answer: B) Stimulation of red blood cell production
10. Question: Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the air and blood?
A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Alveoli
D) Pharynx
Answer: C) Alveoli
11. Question: In which part of the digestive system does the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occur?
A) Stomach
B) Small intestine
C) Large intestine
D) Esophagus
Answer: B) Small intestine
12. Question: What is the function of the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the body?
A) Regulation of blood calcium levels
B) Control of water balance
C) Promotion of sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
D) Decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
Answer: D) Decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
13. Question: Which of the following is the main function of the hormone progesterone in the female reproductive system?
A) Induction of ovulation
B) Maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy
C) Stimulation of breast milk production
D) Promotion of female secondary sexual characteristics
Answer: B) Maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy
14. Question: What is the role of the hormone leptin in the body?
A) Regulation of blood glucose levels
B) Control of water retention in the kidneys
C) Suppression of appetite and regulation of body weight
D) Promotion of glycogen synthesis in the liver
Answer: C) Suppression of appetite and regulation of body weight
15. Question: During a nerve action potential, which ion rapidly moves out of the neuron to repolarize the cell membrane?
A) Sodium (Na+)
B) Potassium (K+)
C) Calcium (Ca2+)
D) Chloride (Cl-)
Answer: B) Potassium (K+)
16. Question: Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in coordinating movement, balance, and posture?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
Answer: C) Cerebellum
17. Question: What is the primary function of the hormone thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?
A) Stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release
B) Regulation of blood glucose levels
C) Control of water retention in the kidneys
D) Promotion of muscle growth
Answer: A) Stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release
18. Question: Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart?
A) Pulmonary arteries
B) Pulmonary veins
C) Aorta
D) Vena cavae
Answer: D) Vena cavae
19. Question: What is the main function of the hormone growth hormone (GH) in the body?
A) Regulation of blood calcium levels
B) Control of water balance
C) Promotion of growth and development
D) Stimulation of red blood cell production
Answer: C) Promotion of growth and development
20. Question: Which part of the nephron is responsible for fine-tuning electrolyte balance and acid-base regulation?
A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting duct
Answer: C) Distal convoluted tubule
1. Question: What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating blood glucose levels in the body?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: A) Insulin
2. Question: During exercise, which of the following physiological changes occurs to increase oxygen delivery to the muscles?
A) Decreased heart rate
B) Vasodilation of blood vessels in muscles
C) Decreased respiratory rate
D) Constriction of blood vessels in muscles
Answer: B) Vasodilation of blood vessels in muscles
3. Question: What is the main function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
A) Filtration of blood
B) Storage of urine
C) Production of red blood cells
D) Regulation of blood pressure
Answer: A) Filtration of blood
4. Question: During the menstrual cycle, the surge of which hormone triggers ovulation?
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
5. Question: What is the role of the respiratory system in maintaining acid-base balance in the body?
A) Excretion of excess acids through urine
B) Buffering of acids in the blood
C) Removal of carbon dioxide to regulate pH
D) Production of bicarbonate ions
Answer: C) Removal of carbon dioxide to regulate pH
6. Question: In which part of the digestive system does most of the nutrient absorption take place?
A) Stomach
B) Small intestine
C) Large intestine
D) Esophagus
Answer: B) Small intestine
7. Question: Which of the following hormones is responsible for the fight-or-flight response in stressful situations?
A) Insulin
B) Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
C) Thyroxine
D) Glucagon
Answer: B) Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
8. Question: What is the role of erythropoietin in the body?
A) Regulation of blood glucose levels
B) Stimulation of red blood cell production
C) Promotion of muscle growth
D) Control of body temperature
Answer: B) Stimulation of red blood cell production
9. Question: During a nerve action potential, which ion rapidly moves into the neuron to depolarize the cell membrane?
A) Sodium (Na+)
B) Potassium (K+)
C) Calcium (Ca2+)
D) Chloride (Cl-)
Answer: A) Sodium (Na+)
10. Question: What is the primary function of the endocrine system in the body?
A) Production of hormones for cell communication
B) Regulation of blood flow
C) Transport of nutrients to cells
D) Synthesis of antibodies for immune defense
Answer: A) Production of hormones for cell communication
1. What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?
A) To filter waste products from the blood
B) To regulate electrolyte levels in the body
C) To produce hormones that control blood pressure
D) To store water and ions for later use
2. Which of the following nerves is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain?
A) Optic nerve
B) Olfactory nerve
C) Vagus nerve
D) Sciatic nerve
3. What is the name of the reflex that helps infants feed?
A) Breastfeeding reflex
B) Bottlefeeding reflex
C) Suckling reflex
D) Latching reflex
4. Which organ is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood?
A) Liver
B) Kidneys
C) Pancreas
D) Skin
5. What is the term used to describe the exchange of gases between the lungs and the bloodstream?
A) Respiration
B) Ventilation
C) Gas exchange
D) Oxygenation
6. Which muscle is responsible for maintaining posture and balance?
A) Skeletal muscles
B) Cardiac muscle
C) Smooth muscle
D) Involuntary muscles
7. What is the process by which glucose is converted into energy in cells?
A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid cycle
C) Electron transport chain
D) Oxidative phosphorylation
8. Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Adrenaline
D) Thyroxine
9. What is the medical term used to describe an abnormal fear of long words?
A) Sesquipedalophobia
B) Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia
C) Logorrhea
D) Dysania
10. Which structure is responsible for separating the right and left sides of the heart?
A) Atrioventricular valve
B) Semilunar valve
C) Septum
D) Pulmonary veins
11. What is the term used to describe the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
A) Diffusion
B) Active transport
C) Passive transport
D) Facilitated diffusion
12. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting bacterial infections?
A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Macrophages
D) T cells
13. What is the name of the reflex that helps protect the airways during sleep?
A) Swallowing reflex
B) Cough reflex
C) Gag reflex
D) Aspiration reflex
14. Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down lactose in the small intestine?
A) Lactase
B) Maltase
C) Sucrase
D) Lipase
15. What is the term used to describe the ability of the body to maintain homeostasis despite changes in external conditions?
A) Homeostasis
B) Allostasis
C) Hormonal imbalance
D) Stress response
16. Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell through the electron transport chain?
A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Golgi apparatus
17. What is the name of the protein that carries oxygen in the blood?
A) Hemoglobin
B) Myoglobin
C) Ferritin
D) Transferrin
18. Which type of fatty acid has a double bond at the omega-3 position?
A) Omega-3 fatty acids
B) Omega-6 fatty acids
C) Saturated fats
D) Trans fats
19. What is the term used to describe the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues and organs?
A) Edema
B) Hyperemia
C) Hypovolemia
D) Hypertension
20. Which hormone regulates growth and development in children?
A) Growth hormone
B) Thyroid hormone
C) Adrenal hormone
D) Estrogen
21. What is the name of the reflex that helps newborns feed?
A) Breastfeeding reflex
B) Bottlefeeding reflex
C) Suckling reflex
D) Latching reflex
22. Which structure is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood in the kidneys?
A) Nephrons
B) Collecting ducts
C) Distal convoluted tubules
D) Proximal convoluted tubules
23. What is the term used to describe the exchange of gases between the environment and the bloodstream?
A) Respiration
B) Ventilation
C) Gas exchange
D) Oxygenation
24. Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins in the digestive system?
A) Pepsin
B) Trypsin
C) Chymotrypsin
D) Amylase
25. What is the term used to describe the movement of substances from one cell to another through direct contact?
A) Diffusion
B) Active transport
C) Passive transport
D) Facilitated diffusion
26. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting viral infections?
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Natural killer cells
D) Macrophages
27. What is the name of the reflex that helps protect the airways during exercise?
A) Cough reflex
B) Swallowing reflex
C) Gag reflex
D) Aspiration reflex
28. Which hormone regulates blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to store glucose?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Adrenaline
D) Thyroxine
29. What is the term used to describe the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones?
A) Catabolism
B) Anabolism
C) Metabolism
D) Homeostasis
30. Which structure is responsible for producing hormones that regulate growth and development?
A) Pituitary gland
B) Thyroid gland
C) Adrenal glands
D) Pancreas
31. What is the term used to describe the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA?
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Replication
D) Mutation
32. Which type of fatty acid has a double bond at the omega-6 position?
A) Omega-6 fatty acids
B) Omega-3 fatty acids
C) Saturated fats
D) Trans fats
33. What is the term used to describe the buildup of excess fluids and toxins in the body?
A) Edema
B) Hyperemia
C) Hypovolemia
D) Septic shock
34. Which hormone regulates blood pressure by constricting blood vessels?
A) Aldosterone
B) Cortisol
C) Adrenaline
D) Vasopressin
35. What is the term used to describe the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the tissues?
A) Respiration
B) Ventilation
C) Gas exchange
D) Oxygenation
36. Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the digestive system?
A) Salivary amylase
B) Pancreatic amylase
C) Brush border enzymes
D) Intestinal amylase
37. What is the term used to describe the movement of substances from one cell to another through membrane transport?
A) Diffusion
B) Active transport
C) Passive transport
D) Facilitated diffusion
38. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting fungal infections?
A) Neutrophils
B) Macrophages
C) T cells
D) B cells
39. What is the name of the reflex that helps protect the airways during sleep?
A) Swallowing reflex
B) Cough reflex
C) Gag reflex
D) Aspiration reflex
1. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s respiratory alkalosis?**
* A. Hyperventilation
* B. Hypoventilation
* C. Decreased serum bicarbonate
* D. Increased serum bicarbonate
* Answer: A
2. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hyperkalemia?**
* A. Addison’s disease
* B. Acute kidney injury
* C. Hyponatremia
* D. Hypernatremia
* Answer: B
3. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum glucose level of 600 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hyperglycemia?**
* A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
* B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
* C. Cushing’s syndrome
* D. Addison’s disease
* Answer: A
4. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum sodium level of 130 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hyponatremia?**
* A. Diuretics
* B. Vomiting
* C. Diarrhea
* D. SIADH
* Answer: C
5. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum calcium level of 8.5 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hypercalcemia?**
* A. Hyperparathyroidism
* B. Multiple myeloma
* C. Vitamin D toxicity
* D. Addison’s disease
* Answer: A
6. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum creatinine level of 2.0 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s acute kidney injury?**
* A. Hypovolemia
* B. Nephrotoxic drugs
* C. Acute tubular necrosis
* D. Glomerulonephritis
* Answer: A
7. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s tachycardia?**
* A. Hypoxia
* B. Hyperthyroidism
* C. Anxiety
* D. Pheochromocytoma
* Answer: C
8. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a blood pressure of 180/110 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hypertension?**
* A. Primary hypertension
* B. Secondary hypertension
* C. Hyperaldosteronism
* D. Pheochromocytoma
* Answer: A
9. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute and a PaCO2 of 60 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hypoventilation?**
* A. Opioid overdose
* B. Myasthenia gravis
* C. Guillain-Barré syndrome
* D. Brainstem stroke
* Answer: A
10. **A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum potassium level of 3.5 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hypokalemia?**
* A. Diuretics
* B. Vomiting
* C. Diarrhea
* D. Addison’s disease
* Answer: C
**1. What is the function of the hypothalamus?**
* A. To regulate body temperature
* B. To control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland
* C. To coordinate the body’s response to stress
* D. All of the above
* Answer: D
**2. Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?**
* A. To filter waste products from the blood
* B. To regulate blood pressure
* C. To produce urine
* D. To produce adrenaline
* Answer: D
**3. Which of the following is not a part of the respiratory system?**
* A. The lungs
* B. The trachea
* C. The diaphragm
* D. The heart
* Answer: D
**4. Which of the following is not a type of muscle tissue?**
* A. Skeletal muscle
* B. Smooth muscle
* C. Cardiac muscle
* D. Epithelial muscle
* Answer: D
**5. Which of the following is not a type of nerve cell?**
* A. Sensory neuron
* B. Motor neuron
* C. Interneuron
* D. Endothelial cell
* Answer: D
**6. Which of the following is not a part of the endocrine system?**
* A. The thyroid gland
* B. The pancreas
* C. The ovaries
* D. The brain
* Answer: D
**7. Which of the following is not a type of blood cell?**
* A. Red blood cells
* B. White blood cells
* C. Platelets
* D. Neurons
* Answer: D
**8. Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?**
* A. To break down food into smaller molecules
* B. To absorb nutrients from food
* C. To eliminate waste products from the body
* D. To produce hormones
* Answer: D
**9. Which of the following is not a type of tissue?**
* A. Epithelial tissue
* B. Connective tissue
* C. Muscle tissue
* D. Nervous tissue
* Answer: D
**10. Which of the following is not a type of organ system?**
* A. The digestive system
* B. The respiratory system
* C. The circulatory system
* D. The nervous system
* Answer: D