- Question: A 4-year-old child presents with fever, cough, and wheezing. A rapid respiratory viral panel test is positive for metapneumovirus. What is the typical clinical presentation of metapneumovirus infection? Answer: The typical clinical presentation includes fever, cough, wheezing, rhinorrhea, and sometimes difficulty breathing, often resembling other respiratory viruses like RSV.
- Question: An 8-month-old infant with a history of prematurity presents with respiratory distress and hypoxia. The PCR test confirms metapneumovirus infection. What is the most common complication of metapneumovirus in infants? Answer: The most common complications in infants include bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and respiratory failure.
- Question: A 65-year-old man with COPD presents with worsening cough, shortness of breath, and fever. A rapid test for respiratory viruses is positive for metapneumovirus. What is the likely course of the disease in elderly patients? Answer: In elderly patients, metapneumovirus infection may lead to more severe lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and exacerbations of underlying pulmonary diseases like COPD.
- Question: A 2-year-old child presents with symptoms of upper respiratory infection and a low-grade fever. The PCR test confirms metapneumovirus. How does metapneumovirus typically spread? Answer: Metapneumovirus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing, and can also spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces.
- Question: A 3-year-old child with asthma is diagnosed with metapneumovirus infection. What is the recommended treatment for children with asthma who contract this virus? Answer: Treatment is primarily supportive, including oxygen therapy if necessary, nebulized bronchodilators, and corticosteroids for asthma exacerbations. Antiviral therapy is not routinely indicated.
- Question: A 30-year-old immunocompromised patient develops a cough, fever, and hypoxia. PCR results show metapneumovirus infection. What should be the next step in managing this patient? Answer: In immunocompromised patients, early evaluation and supportive care are crucial, and antiviral therapy (e.g., ribavirin) may be considered in severe cases.
- Question: A 7-month-old infant with no significant medical history presents with fever and cough. Chest x-ray shows signs of viral pneumonia, and metapneumovirus is identified. What is the typical duration of illness in infants with metapneumovirus? Answer: The illness typically lasts 7 to 10 days, but the severity of symptoms can vary. Hospitalization may be required if the child develops respiratory distress.
- Question: A pregnant woman presents with fever, cough, and a sore throat. Metapneumovirus is confirmed through PCR testing. Should antiviral treatment be administered to this patient? Answer: Antiviral treatment is not routinely recommended for metapneumovirus in otherwise healthy individuals, including pregnant women, as the infection is generally self-limited.
- Question: A 70-year-old man with a history of heart disease presents with fever, shortness of breath, and productive cough. He tests positive for metapneumovirus. What are the primary concerns in managing this elderly patient? Answer: The primary concerns are managing respiratory failure, preventing secondary bacterial infections, and ensuring adequate fluid and electrolyte balance. Close monitoring is essential.
- Question: A 12-year-old child presents with fever, cough, and sore throat. Rapid testing for respiratory viruses shows positive metapneumovirus. How does metapneumovirus typically differ from influenza in terms of clinical presentation? Answer: While both viruses cause fever, cough, and sore throat, metapneumovirus infections typically cause milder symptoms with a longer duration, while influenza often presents more acutely with higher fever and muscle aches.
- Question: A 5-year-old child diagnosed with metapneumovirus infection develops worsening wheezing and labored breathing. What is the most appropriate next step in management? Answer: The child should receive supportive care with supplemental oxygen, bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol), and possibly corticosteroids to manage wheezing and respiratory distress.
- Question: A 9-month-old infant with metapneumovirus infection requires hospitalization. What are the indications for hospitalization in infants with metapneumovirus? Answer: Indications for hospitalization include respiratory distress, hypoxia, inability to maintain adequate oral intake, or comorbidities such as prematurity or congenital heart disease.
- Question: An adult with a history of asthma presents with metapneumovirus infection. What is the primary treatment for asthma exacerbations in these patients? Answer: The primary treatment involves the use of inhaled bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol), corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy as needed to manage symptoms.
- Question: A patient with metapneumovirus infection asks if they can spread the virus after recovery. How long is the contagious period for metapneumovirus? Answer: Individuals with metapneumovirus infection are typically contagious for 3–7 days, with viral shedding occurring primarily during the symptomatic phase of illness.
- Question: A 3-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection presents with a history of rapid breathing and nasal flaring. What would be the best management approach for this child? Answer: The child should receive supportive care, including oxygen supplementation, monitoring for respiratory failure, and treatment with nebulized bronchodilators if necessary.
- Question: An elderly patient with underlying heart disease is diagnosed with metapneumovirus. What is the risk of complications in this patient population? Answer: Elderly patients, particularly those with underlying cardiovascular or pulmonary conditions, are at higher risk for pneumonia, respiratory failure, and exacerbation of their chronic diseases.
- Question: A 2-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection presents with mild hypoxia. What is the initial management for this patient? Answer: Initial management includes oxygen supplementation, close monitoring of vital signs, and supportive care, including hydration and antipyretics for fever.
- Question: A 6-month-old infant with severe respiratory distress and a positive metapneumovirus PCR test is suspected of having viral pneumonia. What is the recommended management for viral pneumonia in infants? Answer: The recommended management includes oxygen therapy, hydration, and close monitoring in a hospital setting. Antiviral treatment is generally not required unless the patient is immunocompromised.
- Question: A child with metapneumovirus infection presents with severe cough and difficulty breathing. The rapid test for respiratory viruses is positive. What is the best next step in management? Answer: The child should be assessed for respiratory distress, oxygen levels, and potential pneumonia. Supportive care, including nebulized bronchodilators and oxygen therapy, is indicated.
- Question: A patient with metapneumovirus presents with severe symptoms, including high fever and cough. What is the role of antiviral therapy in metapneumovirus infection? Answer: Antiviral therapy is generally not recommended for metapneumovirus infection unless the patient is immunocompromised or has severe disease. Ribavirin may be considered in certain severe cases.
- Question: A 40-year-old immunocompromised patient presents with a cough and fever. PCR testing reveals metapneumovirus infection. What are the primary concerns in managing immunocompromised patients with this virus? Answer: The primary concerns include risk of severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, and secondary bacterial infections. Close monitoring and early antiviral treatment (e.g., ribavirin) may be required.
- Question: A child with metapneumovirus infection develops wheezing and labored breathing. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms in this case? Answer: The most likely cause is bronchiolitis or viral-induced asthma exacerbation, which can be seen in children with metapneumovirus infection.
- Question: A 25-year-old woman with no significant medical history presents with a cough, fever, and rhinorrhea. PCR testing is positive for metapneumovirus. What is the typical prognosis for healthy adults with this infection? Answer: In healthy adults, metapneumovirus infection generally has a mild, self-limited course with symptoms lasting about 1 to 2 weeks.
- Question: A 3-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection is experiencing increased work of breathing. What supportive care interventions are indicated? Answer: Supportive care includes oxygen therapy, nebulized bronchodilators for wheezing, and fluid management to prevent dehydration.
- Question: A 10-month-old infant with metapneumovirus infection is admitted to the hospital for severe respiratory distress. What monitoring should be done in this patient? Answer: Close monitoring of oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and hydration status is necessary, and supplemental oxygen should be provided as needed.
- Question: A 7-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection presents with worsening asthma symptoms. How should this child be managed? Answer: The child should receive bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol), corticosteroids, and possibly oral or inhaled beta-agonists to manage asthma exacerbation.
- Question: A 4-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection is discharged home with a mild cough and fever. What advice should be given to the parents regarding follow-up care? Answer: Parents should monitor the child for any worsening of symptoms, such as increased difficulty breathing or persistent fever, and follow up with the healthcare provider if necessary.
- Question: An 18-month-old child with metapneumovirus infection is not improving after 4 days of supportive care. What is the next step in management? Answer: If the child is not improving, further evaluation for possible complications, such as secondary bacterial infections or worsening pneumonia, should be conducted.
- Question: A 6-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection develops sudden worsening of respiratory symptoms. What should be suspected in this case? Answer: Sudden worsening of respiratory symptoms should raise concern for secondary bacterial pneumonia or other complications such as pleural effusion.
- Question: A child with metapneumovirus infection asks whether they can return to school. What is the appropriate advice regarding return to school? Answer: The child should stay home until they are no longer symptomatic, typically after 7 to 10 days, to prevent spreading the virus to others.
- Question: A 35-year-old patient presents with cough, fever, and malaise. The PCR test is positive for metapneumovirus. What is the most common complication in adults? Answer: In adults, the most common complication is secondary bacterial pneumonia or exacerbation of underlying chronic lung conditions.
- Question: A child with metapneumovirus infection develops severe wheezing. What would be the best management for this child? Answer: The child should receive nebulized bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and possibly supplemental oxygen to manage respiratory symptoms.
- Question: A patient with metapneumovirus is admitted for respiratory distress. What additional investigations are necessary? Answer: Additional investigations may include chest x-ray to evaluate for pneumonia, complete blood count (CBC) to assess for secondary bacterial infections, and arterial blood gas (ABG) if the patient is in respiratory failure.
- Question: A 4-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection is receiving oxygen therapy. What are the indicators for escalation of care in this case? Answer: Indicators for escalation of care include worsening oxygen saturation, increased work of breathing, or signs of respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation.
- Question: An immunocompromised patient with metapneumovirus infection is started on ribavirin. What side effects should be monitored in these patients? Answer: Common side effects of ribavirin include hemolytic anemia, rash, and respiratory issues. Regular blood counts and liver function tests should be monitored.
- Question: A 3-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection is having difficulty feeding. What should be done to ensure proper nutrition? Answer: The child should be monitored for signs of dehydration and given oral rehydration solutions or fluids through intravenous access if needed.
- Question: A child with metapneumovirus infection presents with increased respiratory rate, nasal flaring, and cyanosis. What is the most likely diagnosis? Answer: These findings are consistent with respiratory distress, which may be caused by bronchiolitis or pneumonia due to metapneumovirus infection.
- Question: A patient with metapneumovirus infection is being discharged. What instructions should be provided for home care? Answer: Instructions should include ensuring adequate hydration, managing fever with antipyretics, monitoring respiratory symptoms, and seeking medical care if symptoms worsen.
- Question: A pregnant woman with metapneumovirus infection is concerned about the effects on her unborn child. What is the risk of congenital abnormalities from metapneumovirus infection? Answer: There is no significant evidence to suggest that metapneumovirus infection leads to congenital abnormalities, but pregnant women should be closely monitored for complications.
- Question: A patient diagnosed with metapneumovirus asks if they can continue taking their regular medications. What should be the approach to ongoing medication use? Answer: Most routine medications can continue, but it is important to review any specific medications (especially immunosuppressive drugs) with a healthcare provider, considering potential drug interactions.
- Question: A 2-year-old with metapneumovirus infection has difficulty breathing. What is the role of nebulized albuterol in this situation? Answer: Nebulized albuterol can help relieve wheezing and open airways, improving respiratory function and reducing the work of breathing in cases of bronchiolitis or asthma exacerbation.
- Question: A 30-year-old man presents with cough and fever. Metapneumovirus is confirmed. Is there a role for antibiotics in treating this infection? Answer: Antibiotics are not indicated unless there is clinical evidence of a secondary bacterial infection such as bacterial pneumonia.
- Question: A 50-year-old diabetic patient presents with metapneumovirus infection. What is the primary management focus for this patient? Answer: Management should focus on supportive care, blood sugar control, and monitoring for any complications like pneumonia or respiratory failure.
- Question: A child with metapneumovirus infection presents with worsening symptoms despite supportive care. What would be an appropriate next step? Answer: The child should be evaluated for potential secondary bacterial infections or other complications, and escalation of care may be needed.
- Question: An infant with metapneumovirus infection requires mechanical ventilation. What is the most likely reason for this escalation in care? Answer: The most likely reason is respiratory failure due to viral pneumonia or severe bronchiolitis.
- Question: A patient with metapneumovirus presents with severe fever and chills. What supportive measures should be taken? Answer: Supportive measures include antipyretics for fever, fluids for hydration, and monitoring for any signs of sepsis or secondary bacterial infection.
- Question: A 5-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection develops cyanosis. What is the next step in managing this child? Answer: The child should receive supplemental oxygen and be evaluated for respiratory failure, with further monitoring and possibly invasive ventilation if necessary.
- Question: A 2-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection is unable to maintain adequate oral intake. What should be done? Answer: The child should be assessed for signs of dehydration and may require intravenous fluids or other supportive care.
- Question: A 6-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection develops persistent cough and fatigue. What is the recommended follow-up? Answer: Follow-up should include monitoring for any worsening symptoms or signs of secondary infections. A re-evaluation in 3–5 days may be appropriate.
- Question: A 7-year-old child with metapneumovirus infection is being discharged from the hospital. What key instructions should be emphasized to parents? Answer: Parents should be instructed to monitor for any worsening symptoms, ensure the child stays hydrated, and seek medical attention if the child develops new symptoms such as increased difficulty breathing or high fever.