Basics of ctDNA What does ctDNA stand for? a) Circulating tumor DNA b) Cellular tumor DNA c) Complex tumor DNA d) Cancerous tissue DNA Answer: a ctDNA is a subset of: a) RNA fragments b) Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) c) Genomic…
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) refers to small fragments of DNA shed by cancer cells into the bloodstream. It is a component of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and can be isolated through non-invasive methods such as liquid biopsies. ctDNA reflects the genetic…
Which statement best describes paraplegia? A. Paralysis of all four limbs B. Paralysis of one side of the body C. Paralysis of the lower limbs D. Inability to speak due to motor cortex damage Answer: C Which spinal cord segments…
— Pathophysiology and Microbiology 1. What is the most common causative organism of spinal epidural abscesses?a) Staphylococcus aureusb) Escherichia colic) Mycobacterium tuberculosisd) Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Which condition is NOT a predisposing factor for the development of an epidural abscess?a) Intravenous…
Pathophysiology and Microbiology 1. Which virulence factor of H. pylori is associated with increased gastric cancer risk?a) Ureaseb) VacAc) CagAd) Flagella 2. What is the primary role of H. pylori urease in gastric colonization?a) Inhibits acid secretionb) Converts urea to…
Clinical Application 1. A neonate presents with severe jaundice within the first 24 hours of life. How would cord blood analysis help identify the underlying cause, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn? 2. A mother with gestational diabetes delivers…
1. What is AI robot-assisted surgery? a) Surgery performed entirely by robots without human intervention b) Surgery assisted by robotic systems that are guided by AI c) Surgery where AI replaces the surgeon d) Surgery conducted remotely via virtual reality…
1. What does AI stand for? a) Artificial Interaction b) Automated Intelligence c) Artificial Intelligence d) Advanced Interface Answer: c) Artificial Intelligence 2. Which of the following is a common application of AI in healthcare? a) Image recognition b) Language…
In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that can revolutionize many aspects of our lives, including health and wellness. One of the critical areas where AI shows significant promise is in enhancing physical activity. Through…
Which of the following virus families does Congovirus belong to? A) Filoviridae B) Flaviviridae C) Coronaviridae D) Rhabdoviridae E) Paramyxoviridae The Congovirus outbreak in 2018-2020 primarily affected which country? A) Nigeria B) Democratic Republic of Congo C) Uganda D) Sudan…
Which of the following bacteria is most commonly associated with dental caries? A) Streptococcus mutans B) Porphyromonas gingivalis C) Actinomyces viscosus D) Fusobacterium nucleatum E) Treponema denticola A patient presents with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). Which of the following…
A 45-year-old male presents with severe right flank pain. Imaging reveals a 7mm renal stone. What is the most appropriate initial management? A. Observation B. Ureteroscopy C. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy D. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) E. Open surgery Which of…
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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), commonly referred to as the Congo Virus, is a tick-borne viral disease caused by the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Congo Virus, covering its origin, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment,…
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