1. A 50-year-old obese man with a history of type 2 diabetes presents with fatigue and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Liver function tests reveal elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Ultrasonography shows a hyperechoic liver consistent with fatty infiltration. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Alcoholic fatty… Read More »
1. A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents with palpitations, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance. Electrocardiography reveals irregular, chaotic atrial activity and an irregularly irregular ventricular response. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Atrial flutter B. Atrial fibrillation C. Ventricular tachycardia D. Supraventricular… Read More »
1. A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and myocardial infarction presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his heart failure? A. Dilated cardiomyopathy B. Ischemic cardiomyopathy C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy D. Valvular heart… Read More »
1. A 70-year-old man with a history of hypertension presents with progressive exertional dyspnea and angina. Physical examination reveals a harsh systolic murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? A. Initiate medical therapy with diuretics and vasodilators B. Perform stress echocardiography… Read More »
1. A 25-year-old woman presents with a history of recurrent episodes of fever, joint pain, and migratory polyarthritis. Physical examination reveals a new diastolic murmur. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute rheumatic fever B. Chronic rheumatic heart disease C. Systemic lupus erythematosus D. Rheumatoid arthritis E. Ankylosing spondylitis 2. A… Read More »
1. A 45-year-old man presents with sudden-onset chest pain that worsens with inspiration and lying down. Electrocardiography (ECG) shows diffuse ST-segment elevation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Acute myocardial infarction B. Acute pericarditis C. Acute aortic dissection D. Acute pulmonary embolism E. Acute myocarditis 2. A 60-year-old man with a… Read More »
1. A 45-year-old man with a history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presents with syncope during exercise. Echocardiography reveals severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? A. Initiate beta-blocker therapy B. Initiate disopyramide therapy C. Perform septal myectomy D. Perform alcohol septal ablation E. Recommend implantable… Read More »
1. A 58-year-old woman with a history of hyperlipidemia presents with progressive exercise intolerance and shortness of breath. An echocardiogram reveals severe aortic stenosis. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism for this patient’s aortic stenosis? A. Calcific degeneration of the aortic valve B. Rheumatic heart disease C. Congenital bicuspid aortic valve… Read More »
1. A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of chest pain, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis. An ECG shows ST-segment elevation in the anterior leads. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Unstable angina B. Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction C. ST-elevation myocardial infarction D. Aortic dissection E. Pulmonary embolism… Read More »
1. A newborn infant presents with cyanosis and a harsh systolic murmur at the left upper sternal border. Which of the following congenital heart defects is most likely? a) Atrial septal defect b) Tetralogy of Fallot c) Ventricular septal defect d) Coarctation of the aorta 2. A 2-year-old child is brought in for evaluation of… Read More »
1. Which of the following is NOT a surface feature of the tibia? a) Medial malleolus b) Lateral condyle c) Tuberosity d) Anterior crest 2. The tibia articulates with which of the following bones? a) Femur and fibula b) Femur and talus c) Talus and calcaneus d) Calcaneus and fibula 3. The nutrient artery of… Read More »
1. A 5-year-old child presents with acute flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities. Which of the following viruses is the most likely causative agent? A. Influenza virus B. Poliovirus C. Rotavirus D. Varicella-zoster virus 2. A 3-year-old child has not received any vaccinations. Which of the following vaccines is recommended to prevent polio? A. Measles-mumps-rubella… Read More »
1. What is the primary mode of transmission for hepatitis C? a) Fecal-oral b) Parenteral (Blood) c) Sexual d) Respiratory Answer: b) Parenteral (Blood) 2. Which of the following viruses is responsible for causing hepatitis C? a) HAV b) HBV c) HCV d) HDV Answer: c) HCV 3. What is the primary antigen found on… Read More »
1. Which of the following is an essential component of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)? a) Monoclonal antibody b) Cytotoxic drug c) Linker d) All of the above 2. The mechanism of action of ADCs primarily relies on: a) Targeting specific antigens on cancer cells b) Non-specific cytotoxicity c) Inhibiting cell division d) Inducing apoptosis in… Read More »
1. A 45-year-old patient presents with sudden onset of bilateral leg weakness and loss of sensation below the umbilicus after a motor vehicle accident. This is most suggestive of: A. Cervical spinal cord injury B. Thoracic spinal cord injury C. Lumbar spinal cord injury D. Cauda equina syndrome 2. A 60-year-old patient with a history… Read More »
1. A newborn baby presents with a soft, compressible swelling on the side of the head. This is most likely due to: A. Cephalohematoma B. Caput succedaneum C. Parietal osteomyelitis D. Parietal bone fracture 2. A 35-year-old patient sustains a head injury after a fall. Imaging reveals a linear fracture of the parietal bone. Which… Read More »
1. A newborn baby presents with a soft, compressible swelling on the back of the head. This is most likely due to: A. Cephalohematoma B. Caput succedaneum C. Occipital osteomyelitis D. Occipital bone fracture 2. A 45-year-old patient complains of severe headaches and neck pain after a motor vehicle accident. Imaging reveals a fracture of… Read More »
1. A 25-year-old man presents with a closed fracture of the tibial shaft after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following would be the most appropriate initial management? A. Splinting and elevation B. Open reduction and internal fixation C. Casting D. Traction 2. A 40-year-old woman complains of severe pain and swelling in her… Read More »
1. The clavicle is classified as a: A) Short bone B) Flat bone C) Long bone D) Irregular bone 2. The clavicle articulates with which of the following bones? A) Scapula and sternum B) Humerus and scapula C) Sternum and ribs D) Scapula and vertebrae 3. Which muscle attaches to the lateral third of the… Read More »
1. Which of the following microorganisms causes cholera? a) Vibrio cholerae b) Salmonella typhi c) Shigella dysenteriae d) Escherichia coli 2. What is the primary mode of transmission for cholera? a) Airborne b) Direct contact c) Ingestion of contaminated food or water d) Vector-borne 3. Which of the following is the most common clinical presentation… Read More »