1. A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and myocardial infarction presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his heart failure?
A. Dilated cardiomyopathy
B. Ischemic cardiomyopathy
C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
D. Valvular heart disease
E. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
2. A 70-year-old woman with a history of diabetes and hypertension presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Echocardiography reveals a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction of 55% with evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
B. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
C. Acute decompensated heart failure
D. Valvular heart disease
E. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
3. A 55-year-old man with a history of alcoholism presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a dilated left ventricle with a reduced ejection fraction of 25%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his heart failure?
A. Ischemic cardiomyopathy
B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
D. Valvular heart disease
E. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
4. A 60-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic heart disease presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals severe mitral stenosis and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 40%. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her heart failure?
A. Ischemic cardiomyopathy
B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
C. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
D. Valvular heart disease
E. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
5. A 75-year-old man with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents with acute-onset dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum. Chest radiography reveals pulmonary edema. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
6. A 50-year-old woman with a history of dilated cardiomyopathy presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
7. A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with acute-onset dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum. Echocardiography reveals a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction of 60% with evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
8. A 55-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a dilated left ventricle with a reduced ejection fraction of 30%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
9. A 70-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with acute-onset dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum. Chest radiography reveals pulmonary edema. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
10. A 60-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic heart disease presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals severe mitral stenosis and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 35%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
11. A 75-year-old man with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents with acute-onset dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum. Echocardiography reveals a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction of 55% with evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
12. A 50-year-old woman with a history of dilated cardiomyopathy presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a left ventricular ejection fraction of 20%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
13. A 65-year-old man with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with acute-onset dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum. Echocardiography reveals a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction of 60% with evidence of diastolic dysfunction. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
14. A 55-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower extremity edema. Echocardiography reveals a dilated left ventricle with a reduced ejection fraction of 25%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates
15. A 70-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with acute-onset dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum. Chest radiography reveals pulmonary edema. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
A. Furosemide
B. Dobutamine
C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
D. Hydralazine
E. Nitrates