1. A 65-year-old smoker presents with chronic cough and weight loss. On the chest X-ray, you notice a solitary pulmonary nodule in the right upper lobe. What is your differential diagnosis, and what further imaging or tests would you order? 2. A 40-year-old male with a history of HIV infection complains of fever and productive… Read More »
1. Which organism is responsible for causing most cases of bacterial pneumonia in adults? A) Streptococcus pneumoniae B) Haemophilus influenzae C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Legionella pneumophila 2. A patient presents with watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps after consuming contaminated food. Which pathogen is the most likely cause? A) Escherichia coli (E. coli) B) Salmonella… Read More »
1. “GEL”: Gram-positive, Enzyme-coagulase-positive, Lancefield group A – Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus. 2. “PECAN”: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae – Gram-negative rods (Enterobacteriaceae). 3. “SHiN”: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs). 4. “Quelling Capsule”: Pneumococcus encapsulation demonstrated in Quellung reaction. 5.… Read More »
1. RIFLE: Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage renal disease – A grading system for acute kidney injury. 2. FENa: Fractional Excretion of Sodium – A diagnostic marker for distinguishing prerenal from intrinsic renal causes of acute kidney injury. 3. BUN-to-creatinine ratio: Helps differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic renal causes of acute kidney injury. 4.… Read More »
1. A 60-year-old male presents with swelling in the legs and shortness of breath. His laboratory results show elevated creatinine and reduced urine output. What could be the possible diagnosis? 2. A 45-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus has hypertension and proteinuria. How would you manage her renal condition to slow down disease progression? 3.… Read More »
1. Which condition is characterized by the enlargement of the prostate gland in aging males, leading to urinary obstruction? a) Prostatitis b) Bladder diverticulum c) Bladder cancer d) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 2. Which test is commonly used to screen for prostate cancer in men? a) Testosterone level measurement b) Digital rectal examination (DRE) c)… Read More »
1. **KUB** – Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder: A radiographic abbreviation for an X-ray image of the abdomen to visualize these structures. 2. **CREST Syndrome** – A mnemonic for the features of systemic sclerosis: C – Calcinosis R – Raynaud’s phenomenon E – Esophageal dysmotility S – Sclerodactyly T – Telangiectasia 3. **Hydronephrosis** – “Backs Up”:… Read More »
1. ABCD: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability – A quick assessment for emergency situations in oral surgery. 2. WATCH: Wound assessment (type and location), Analgesia, Tetanus status, Cleansing, and Hemostasis. 3. C-CALM: Communication, Consent, Anesthesia, Local Anesthetic, and Monitoring. 4. STOP: Skin preparation, Time out, O2 saturation check, Patient identification – A checklist before starting a… Read More »
1. A 50-year-old patient presents with a symptomatic impacted mandibular third molar. How would you approach the extraction procedure? 2. A 30-year-old patient requires extraction of a partially erupted maxillary canine. What considerations are important in this case? 3. A 45-year-old patient with a history of smoking needs extraction of a non-restorable mandibular molar. How… Read More »
1. A 32-year-old female presents with acute, severe headache, photophobia, and neck stiffness. Lumbar puncture reveals increased white blood cells and elevated protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. Question: What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? a) Meningitis b) Encephalitis c) Subarachnoid hemorrhage d) Cerebral infarction e) Brain tumor 2. A 50-year-old male… Read More »
1: A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents to the emergency department with severe chest pain. The pain is crushing in nature and radiates to his left arm. He is diaphoretic and nauseous. His blood pressure is 180/110 mmHg, heart rate is 100 bpm, and respiratory rate is 20 breaths per minute. An… Read More »
A 40-year-old patient presents with a fractured amalgam restoration on a molar. How would you approach the restoration replacement? A 65-year-old patient requires a Class II composite restoration on a mandibular premolar. What considerations are important in this case? A 25-year-old patient complains of tooth sensitivity after a recent composite filling. What could be the… Read More »
1. A 35-year-old patient presents with severe tooth pain in the lower left quadrant. The tooth has deep caries, and there is a history of sensitivity to cold and hot. On clinical examination, there is localized tenderness to percussion and palpation. The tooth does not respond to pulp vitality testing. What is the most likely… Read More »
Case Scenario 1: A 25-year-old male presents with fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Laboratory findings reveal decreased hemoglobin levels and microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Peripheral blood smear shows target cells and basophilic stippling. What is the most likely diagnosis? Answer: Iron deficiency anemia. Case Scenario 2: A 35-year-old woman presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and… Read More »
Introduction The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 is a crucial milestone for medical students aiming to pursue a career in the United States medical system. This comprehensive exam assesses a student’s knowledge of basic medical sciences, ensuring they are equipped with the essential foundations for clinical practice. To excel in this high-stakes… Read More »
Mindgrasp is an AI-powered learning tool that helps students, professionals, and avid readers to learn faster and better understand their course material. It can generate notes and summaries, ask questions and get answers, and create video summaries. Here are some of the pros and cons of Mindgrasp: Pros: Can generate notes and summaries of documents… Read More »
Don't use ChatGPT or Claude to look up sources for medical research. They may give you fake citations. Instead, use a new AI-powered tool "The Literature." Ask a question and it'll give you: • Literature Review• Statistical Analysis• Study Curriculum and much more 🧵 pic.twitter.com/AfZ8MiR9kp — Mushtaq Bilal, PhD (@MushtaqBilalPhD) July 18, 2023
Rayyan is an AI-powered tool that helps researchers conduct systematic literature reviews. It can be used to find, filter, and organize relevant papers on a particular topic. Rayyan can also help researchers generate bibliographies and create reports on their research. Rayyan has a number of features that make it a powerful tool for systematic literature… Read More »
CHARM, or Cryosection Histopathology Assessment and Review Machine, is an artificial intelligence (AI) system that is being developed to help doctors diagnose brain cancer during surgery. CHARM uses machine learning to analyze cryosection images of tissue samples, which are thin slices of tissue that are frozen and then cut. This allows CHARM to identify cancer… Read More »